Ubuntu

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Ubuntu From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Ubuntu (disambiguation). "Dapper", "Edgy", "Feisty", "Gutsy", "Hardy" and "Warty" redirect here. For the adjectives, see Dapper, Edgy, Feisty, Gutsy, Hardy and Warty, respectively. Ubuntu (IPA: [uːˈbuːntuː] in English,[3] [ùbúntú] in Zulu) is an operating system for desktops, laptops, and servers. It has consistently been rated among the most popular of the many Linux distributions.[4][5][6][7] Ubuntu's goals include providing an up-to-date yet stable Linux distribution for the average user and having a strong focus on usability and ease of installation. Ubuntu is a derivative of Debian, another free operating system. Ubuntu is sponsored by Canonical Ltd, owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. The name of the distribution comes from the African concept of ubuntu which may be rendered roughly as "humanity toward others", "we are people because of other people", or "I am who I am because of who we all are", though other meanings have been suggested.[8] This Linux distribution is named as such to bring the spirit of the philosophy to the software world. Ubuntu is free software and can be shared by any number of users. Kubuntu and Xubuntu are official subprojects of the Ubuntu project, aiming to bring the KDE and Xfce desktop environments, respectively, to the Ubuntu core (by default Ubuntu uses GNOME for its desktop environment). Edubuntu is an official subproject designed for school environments, and should be equally suitable for children to use at home.[9] Gobuntu is an official subproject that is aimed at adhering strictly to the Free Software Foundation's Four Freedoms.[10] The newest official subproject is JeOS. Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced "Juice") is a concept for what an operating system should look like in the context of a virtual appliance.[11] Ubuntu releases new versions every six months, and supports those releases for 18 months with daily security fixes and patches to critical bugs. LTS (Long Term Support) releases, which occur every two years,[12] are supported for three years for desktops and five years for servers.[13] The most recent version, Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron), was released on April 24, 2008. The next version will be 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) and is scheduled for release in October 2008.[14] Contents     * 1 History and development process     * 2 Vendor support     * 3 Features           o 3.1 Multilingual           o 3.2 Installer                 + 3.2.1 Desktop CD                 + 3.2.2 Alternate install CD                 + 3.2.3 Network install CD                 + 3.2.4 Server install CD     * 4 Package classification and support     * 5 Availability of proprietary software     * 6 Releases           o 6.1 Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)           o 6.2 Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)           o 6.3 Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)           o 6.4 Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake)           o 6.5 Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)           o 6.6 Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)           o 6.7 Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)           o 6.8 Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron)           o 6.9 Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)           o 6.10 Release History     * 7 ShipIt     * 8 Variants     * 9 System requirements     * 10 Response     * 11 See also     * 12 Notes     * 13 References     * 14 External links History and development process Ubuntu's first release was on October 20, 2004, as a temporary fork of the Debian project.[15] This was done so that a new version of Ubuntu could be released every six months,[16] resulting in a more frequently updated system. Ubuntu releases always include the most recent GNOME release, and are scheduled to be released about a month after GNOME.[17] In contrast with previous general-purpose forks of Debian—such as MEPIS, Xandros, Linspire, Progeny and Libranet, many of which relied on proprietary and closed source add-ons as part of their business model—Ubuntu has stayed closer to Debian's philosophy and uses free (libre) software most of the time.[18] The Ubuntu logo and typography has remained the same since that first release. The hand-drawn,[19] lowercase OpenType font used is called Ubuntu-Title and was created by Andy Fitzsimon.[20] The font is distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and use with logos derived from the Ubuntu logo is encouraged.[20] The font is available as a package for Ubuntu.[20] Ubuntu packages have generally been based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb package format and APT/Synaptic to manage installed packages, although Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other.[21] Ubuntu cooperates with Debian—to some extent pushing changes back to Debian,[15] although there has been criticism concerning lack of occurrence.[22] Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. However, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, criticized Ubuntu packages for incompatibilities with Debian, saying Ubuntu had diverged too far from Debian Sarge to remain compatible.[22] There are plans for a branch codenamed Grumpy Groundhog. The development will be a permanently unstable development and testing branch, pulling the source directly out of the revision control of the various programs and applications which are shipped as part of the most recent version of Ubuntu. This will allow power users and upstream developers to test up-to-the-minute versions of individual programs as they would appear if currently packaged for the distribution, without needing to build packages. The early release will be able to provide early warning of build failures on various architectures.[23] Grumpy Groundhog should merge with Debian Unstable every six months.[24] Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On July 8, 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of USD $10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an emergency fund in case Canonical's involvement ends.[25] Ubuntu 8.04, released on April 24, 2008, is the current Long Term Support (LTS) release. Canonical has released previous LTS versions separated by two years, and has committed to releasing the next LTS version in 2010, two years after 8.04.[26][27][28] Vendor support Ubuntu is available pre-installed on computers from a number of different vendors, including Dell, Tesco,[29] and System 76. Dell and Tesco have provided this option since 2007, while System 76 has done so since November 2005.[30] Dell and System76[31] customers are able to purchase 30-day, three-month, and yearly support for Ubuntu through Ubuntu's parent company Canonical. Dell later increased the availability of Ubuntu-based computers by offering them for sale in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Spain, and Latin America.[32] Selected Dell machines running Ubuntu 7.10 have free and legal DVD playback capabilities using LinDVD.[33] Features A screenshot of Ubuntu 6.06 LTS, showing the Dawn of Ubuntu wallpaper A screenshot of Ubuntu 6.06 LTS, showing the Dawn of Ubuntu wallpaper Ubuntu focuses on usability,[34] including the widespread use of the sudo tool for administrative tasks.[35] The Ubiquity installer allows installing Ubuntu to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu also emphasizes accessibility and internationalization, to reach as many people as possible. Beginning with 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding. The default appearance of the user interface in the current version is called Human and is characterized by shades of brown and orange. The most recent version of Ubuntu comes installed with the a wide range of software including: the OpenOffice.org productivity suite, the internet browser Firefox, the instant messenger Pidgin (formerly known as Gaim), the BitTorrent client Transmission and the raster graphics editor GIMP. Several lightweight card, puzzle games, and board games are pre-installed including Sudoku and chess. Ubuntu has all networking ports closed by default for added security, although its firewall, which offers more fine-grained control of incoming and outgoing connections, is installed but not enabled. Ubuntu comes with the ability to perform most functions such as scanning, and even includes Optical Character Recognition software for the translation of scans to text. Multilingual Ubuntu is available in many languages. GNOME 2.22—the default desktop environment of Ubuntu 8.04—offers support for 46 languages.[36] Installer There are numerous ways to install Ubuntu:[37] Desktop CD The desktop CD allows a user to try Ubuntu without actually installing Ubuntu; the user may optionally install Ubuntu later. This is the recommended CD to use. At least 384 MB of RAM is required to install from this CD. Ubiquity installer in Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron) Ubiquity installer in Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron) Ubuntu offers a fully featured set of applications that work straight from the standard install, but nonetheless fits on a single CD. The live CD allows users to see whether their hardware is compatible before installation to the hard disk. The live CD is then used to install Ubuntu using the Ubiquity installer.[38] CDs are mailed free to anyone who requests them and CD images for all past and current versions are available for download. The Ubuntu live CD requires (for version 7.10) 256 megabytes of RAM, and once installed on the hard disk, Ubuntu needs four gigabytes of hard disk space.[39] An alternative installation disc using the standard debian-installer in text mode is available for download only, and is aimed at people with lower system specifications, computer dealers selling systems already installed with Ubuntu, and for complex partitioning including the use of LVM.[40] With the release of Ubuntu 7.04 in April 2007, the Ubuntu installation process changed slightly. It now supports migration from Microsoft Windows.[41] The new migration tool, called Migration Assistant, imports Windows users' bookmarks, desktop background (wallpaper), and settings for immediate use in the Ubuntu installation.[42] With Wubi, it is possible to install Ubuntu on a Windows partition, without using an ISO file. It also makes use of the migration tool which imports Windows users' configurations. Wubi was born as an independent project, as such 7.04 and 7.10 are unofficial releases. But since 8.04 the code has been merged within Ubuntu and since 8.04-alpha5, Wubi can also be found in the Ubuntu Live CD.[43] Additionally many programs exist to create a customized Live CD/DVD from an existing Ubuntu installation, such as remastersys, the Ubuntu Customization Kit[44], and Reconstructor[45]. Alternate install CD The alternate install CD is an alternative installation disk designed for specialist installations of Ubuntu. The alternative installation CD provides an installer that is text-based rather than graphical and is not a Live CD. It provides for the following situations:     * creating pre-configured OEM systems;     * setting up automated deployments;     * upgrading from older installations without network access;     * LVM and/or RAID partitioning;     * installing on systems with less than about 320 MB of RAM (although note that low-memory systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably).     * installing Ubuntu from a local network or from Ubuntu mirrors. Network install CD Default login screen for Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron)'s server edition Default login screen for Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron)'s server edition The network install CD installs Ubuntu over a local network or directly from an Ubuntu mirror. Installation from a mirror ensures that installed packages are up-to-date. The network install CD contains only the kernel, to start up the installation. The installation is text-based and is not recommended for beginners.[46] Server install CD The server install CD is designed for server installation of Ubuntu and contains all packages needed for installation without a network connection. The server installation of Ubuntu does not install a graphical user interface. Package classification and support Ubuntu 8.04 CD Ubuntu 8.04 CD Ubuntu divides all software into four components,[47] to reflect differences in licensing and level of support available. Packages are assigned to components as follows:     free software     non-free software supported     Main     Restricted unsupported     Universe     Multiverse Free software here includes only that which meets the Ubuntu license requirements,[48] which correspond roughly to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There is one exception for Main however; it "also may contain binary firmware and selected fonts (which are used by free components of Main) that cannot be modified without permission from their authors" so long as their "redistribution is unencumbered."[47] Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for very important non-free software, such as non-free device drivers, without which users might be prevented from running Ubuntu on their system, particularly binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support is more limited than for main, since the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a general-use Linux system. Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in Universe and Multiverse. Beyond the official repositories is Ubuntu Backports,[49] which is an officially recognized project to backport newer versions of certain software that are available in later versions of Ubuntu. The repository is not comprehensive; it mostly consists of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines. Old, unsupported releases are still available and can be updated through apt.[50] Availability of proprietary software Ubuntu has a certification system for third party software.[51] Proprietary software certified with Ubuntu should work well in Ubuntu. However, many programs familiar to users of non-free operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, are incompatible and are not Ubuntu-certified. Some proprietary software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for .rar files. Releases Each release has both a code name and a version number. The version number is based on the year and month of release. For example, the very first release of Ubuntu 4.10 was released on October 20, 2004.[52] Consequently, version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed until a different month to that planned, the version number changes accordingly. The first characters of release names form an alphabetical series. This makes it easier to determine which release is newer when comparing two. Exceptions are the first few releases that should have begun with A, B, C. Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases, which are in turn about one month after releases of X.org. Consequently, every Ubuntu release comes with a newer version of both GNOME and X. Release 6.06—and recently 8.04—have been labeled as a Long Term Support (LTS), to indicate support with updates for three years on the desktop and five years on the server, with paid technical support available from Canonical Ltd.[53] Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog) Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog) Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog) Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog), released on 2004-10-20,[52] was Canonical's first release of Ubuntu Linux, building upon Debian GNU/Linux with plans for a new release every six months and eighteen months of support thereafter.[54] Ubuntu 4.10's support ended on 2006-04-30.[55] Ubuntu 4.10 was the first version of Ubuntu to offer ShipIt services, allowing users to order free install CDs.[56] The desktop version included, among other desktop programs, Gaim 1.0, GIMP 2.0, GNOME 2.8, Mozilla Firefox 0.9, and OpenOffice.org 1.1. The server version shipped with MySQL 4.0, PHP 4.3, and Python 2.3. Ubuntu 4.10 used Linux 2.6.8 kernel with XFree86 4.3. Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog) Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog) Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog) Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog), released on 2005-04-08,[57] was Canonical's second release of Ubuntu Linux. Ubuntu 5.04's support ended on 2006-10-31.[58] Ubuntu 5.04 added many new features including an update manager[59], upgrade notifier, readahead and grepmap, suspend, hibernate and standby support, dynamic frequency scaling for processors, ubuntu hardware database, Kickstart installation, and APT authentication[60] . Ubuntu 5.04 allowed installation from USB devices. Ubuntu 5.04 used UTF-8 by default. The desktop installation of Ubuntu 5.04 included, among other programs, Gaim 1.1, GIMP 2.2, GNOME 2.10, Mozilla Firefox 1.0, and OpenOffice.org 1.1. The server installation included MySQL 4.0, PHP 4.3, and Python 2.4. Ubuntu 5.04 used Linux 2.6.10 and X.Org 6.8. Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger), released on 2005-10-13,[61][62] was Canonical's third release of Ubuntu Linux. Ubuntu 5.10's support ended on 2007-04-13.[63] Ubuntu 5.10 added several new features including a graphical bootloader (Usplash), an Add/Remove Applications tool[64], a menu editor (alacarte), an easy language selector, logical volume management support, full Hewlett-Packard printer support, OEM installer support, and Launchpad integration for bug reporting and software development.[65] The desktop installation of Ubuntu 5.10 included, among other programs, Gaim 1.5, GIMP 2.2, GNOME 2.12, Mozilla Firefox 1.0, and OpenOffice 1.9 (pre-2.0 release). The server installation included MySQL 4.1, PHP 5.0, and Python 2.4. Ubuntu 5.10 used Linux 2.6.12 and X.Org 6.8. Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake), released on 2006-06-01,[66][67] was Canonical's fourth release, and the first Long Term Support (LTS) release. Ubuntu 6.06's support will end in June 2009 for desktops and June 2011 for servers. Ubuntu 6.06 included several new features, including a having the Live CD and Install CD merged onto one disc[68], a graphical installer on Live CD (Ubiquity), Usplash on shutdown as well as startup, a network manager for easy switching of multiple wired and wireless connections, Humanlooks theme implemented using Tango guidelines, based on Clearlooks and featuring orange colors instead of brown, and GDebi graphical installer for package files[69][70]. Ubuntu 6.06 did not include a means to install from a USB device, but did for the first time allow installation directly onto removable USB devices. The desktop installation of Ubuntu 6.06 included, among other programs, Gaim 1.5, GIMP 2.2, GNOME 2.14, Mozilla Firefox 1.5, and OpenOffice.org 2.0. The server installation included MySQL 5.0, PHP 5.1, and Python 2.4, as well as an option to install LAMP. Ubuntu 6.06 used Linux 2.6.15 and X.Org 7.0. Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft) Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft) Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft) Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft), released on 2006-10-26,[71][72] was Canonical's fifth release of Ubuntu Linux. Ubuntu 6.10's support ended on 2008-04-25.[73] Ubuntu 6.10 added several new features including a heavily modified Human theme, Upstart init daemon, automated crash reports (Apport), Tomboy note taking application, and F-spot photo manager. EasyUbuntu, a third party program designed to make Ubuntu easier to use, was included in Ubuntu 6.10 as a meta-package.[74] The desktop installation of Ubuntu 6.10 included, among other programs, Gaim 2.0, GIMP 2.2, GNOME 2.16, Mozilla Firefox 2.0, and OpenOffice.org 2.0. The server installation included MySQL 5.0, PHP 5.1, and Python 2.4. Ubuntu 6.10 used Linux 2.6.17 and X.Org 7.1. Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn), released on 2007-04-19,[75] was Canonical's sixth release of Ubuntu Linux. Ubuntu 7.04's support will end in October 2008. Ubuntu 7.04 included several new features, among them a migration assistant to help former Microsoft Windows users transition to Ubuntu, support for Kernel-based Virtual Machine, assisted codec and restricted drivers installation, Compiz desktop effects, support for Wi-Fi Protected Access, the addition of Sudoku and chess, a disk usage analyzer (baobab), GNOME Control Center, and Zeroconf support for many devices[76]. Ubuntu 7.04 dropped support for PowerPC architecture. The desktop installation of Ubuntu 7.04 included, among other programs, Gaim 2.0, GIMP 2.2, GNOME 2.18, Mozilla Firefox 2.0, and OpenOffice.org 2.2. The server installation included MySQL 5.0, PHP 5.2, and Python 2.5. Ubuntu 7.04 used Linux 2.6.20 and X.Org 7.2. Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon) Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon) Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon) Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon), released on 2007-10-18,[77][78] was Canonical's seventh release of Ubuntu Linux. Ubuntu 7.10's support will end in April 2009. Ubuntu 7.10 included several new features, among them AppArmor security framework[79], fast desktop search[80], a firefox plug-in manager (Ubufox)[81], a graphical configuration tool for X.org[81], full NTFS support (read/write) via NTFS-3G, and a revamped printing system with PDF printing by default[81]. Compiz Fusion was enabled as default in Ubuntu 7.10[82] and Fast user switching was added[80]. The desktop installation of Ubuntu 7.10 included, among other programs, GIMP 2.4, GNOME 2.20, Mozilla Firefox 2.0, OpenOffice.org 2.3, and Pidgin 2.2. The server installation included MySQL 5.0, PHP 5.2, and Python 2.5. Ubuntu 7.10 used Linux 2.6.22 and X.Org 7.2. Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron) Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron) Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron) Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron), released on 2008-04-24,[83] is Canonical's eighth and latest release of Ubuntu Linux. It is the second Long Term Support (LTS) release.[84][85] Ubuntu 8.04's support will end in April 2011 for desktops and April 2013 for servers. Ubuntu 8.04 included several new features, among them Tracker desktop search integration[86], Brasero disk burner[87], Transmission BitTorrent client[87], Vinagre VNC client[87], system sound through PulseAudio[88]. In addition Ubuntu 8.04 included updates for better Tango compliance[89], various Compiz usability improvements, automatic grabbing and releasing of the mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine, and an easier method to remove Ubuntu. Ubuntu 8.04 was the first version of Ubuntu to include the Wubi installer on the LiveCD. The desktop installation of Ubuntu 8.04 included, among other programs, GIMP 2.4, GNOME 2.22, Mozilla Firefox 3.0 Beta 5, OpenOffice.org 2.4, and Pidgin 2.4. The server installation included MySQL 5.0, PHP 5.2, Python 2.5. Ubuntu 8.04 uses Linux 2.6.24 and X.Org 7.3. Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex), to be released on 2008-10-30,[90] will be Canonical's ninth release of Ubuntu Linux and Ubuntu's fourth anniversary on October 10.[52] It will be supported until April 2010. Ubuntu 8.10 has several planned new features including a complete desktop redesign[91], improvements to mobile computing and desktop scalability, increased flexibility for Internet connectivity, OpenGL face browser for GDM[92]. Release History Colour     Meaning Red     Old release; not supported Yellow     Old release; still supported Green     Current release Blue     Future release Version     Code name     Testing name     Release date     Supported until Desktops     Servers 4.10     Warty Warthog     Sounder[93]     2004-10-20[52]     2006-04-30[55] 5.04     Hoary Hedgehog     Array[94]     2005-04-08[57]     2006-10-31[58] 5.10     Breezy Badger     Colony     2005-10-13[61][62]     2007-04-13[63] 6.06 LTS     Dapper Drake     Flight     2006-06-01[66][67]     June 2009     June 2011 6.10     Edgy Eft     Knot     2006-10-26[71][72]     2008-04-25[73] 7.04     Feisty Fawn     Herd     2007-04-19[75]     October 2008 7.10     Gutsy Gibbon     Tribe     2007-10-18[77][78]     April 2009 8.04 LTS     Hardy Heron[95]     Alpha/Beta     2008-04-24[83]     April 2011     April 2013 8.10     Intrepid Ibex[14][96]     Alpha/Beta     2008-10-30[90]     April 2010 ShipIt Canonical offers Ubuntu installation CDs at no cost, including postage paid for destinations in most countries around the world, via a service called ShipIt.[97] After a request for CDs is made and approved, disks are sent to the user's postal address in the mail without charge. Delivery is estimated at six to ten weeks.[98] Currently, only Ubuntu, Kubuntu, and Edubuntu are offered for free via ShipIt. Other variants, including the popular Xubuntu are not available through this service.[98] ShipIt offers only the most recent version of Ubuntu. Variants     See also: List of Ubuntu-based distributions Xubuntu 8.04 default desktop Xubuntu 8.04 default desktop Several official and unofficial variants Ubuntu exist. Of the official variants, Kubuntu[99] and Edubuntu[100] are also available free of charge via mail order through Ubuntu's ShipIt service, but Xubuntu is not available.[101] These Ubuntu variants simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them. Unofficial variants and derivatives are not controlled or guided by Canonical and are generally forks with different goals in mind. These different versions correspond to development efforts run by largely separate groups of people who try to bring different functionalities to the distribution. The official sister distributions are:[102]     * Edubuntu, a distribution designed for classrooms using GNOME     * Gobuntu, a free software distribution     * Kubuntu, a desktop distribution using KDE rather than GNOME     * Xubuntu, a "lightweight" distribution based on the Xfce desktop environment instead of GNOME     * Mythbuntu, a distribution that is tied heavily to MythTV     * Ubuntu Studio, a multimedia-creation flavor of Ubuntu     * Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced as "juice"), is described as "an efficient variant ... configured specifically for virtual appliances".[103]     * Ubuntu Mobile, an Ubuntu edition that targets mobile Internet devices.[104]     * Ubuntu Netbook Remix,[105] to be released later in 2008,[106] designed for ultra-portables such as the ASUS Eee PC. System requirements The desktop version Ubuntu currently supports the Intel x86 and the AMD64 architectures. The server release supports the SPARC architecture[107][108] in addition to Intel x86 and AMD64. Unofficial support is available for the PowerPC, IA-64 (Itanium) and PlayStation 3 architectures. These architectures are supported and maintained by the community.[109] The minimum system requirements for a desktop installation are a 300 MHz x86 processor, 64 MB of RAM, 4 GB of hard drive space[110], and a video card which supports VGA at 640x480 resolution. The recommend system requirements for the desktop installation are a 700 MHz x86 processor, 384 MB of RAM, 8 GB of hard drive space[110], and a video card which supports VGA at 1024×768 resolution. The server installation requires a 300 MHz x86 processor, 64 MB of RAM[111], and a video card which supports VGA at 640×480     Desktop & Laptop[112]     Server[112]     Required     Recommended Processor     300 MHz(x86)     700 MHz(x86)     300 MHz (x86) Memory     64 MB     384 MB     64 MB[111] Hard drive capacity     4 GB[110]     8 GB[110]     500 MB[111] Video card     VGA @ 640x480     VGA @ 1024×768     VGA @ 640×480 Computers that do not meet the minimum recommended system requirements are suggested to try Xubuntu, based on Xfce, which requires roughly half of the RAM and disk space.[113] Response Ubuntu's popularity has climbed steadily since the software's release in 2004. Ubuntu has been the most viewed Linux distribution on Distrowatch.com three years running, including 2005,[4] 2006,[5] 2007[6] and is currently the most viewed for 2008.[114] This popularity is borne out by a rise in Google searches for "Ubuntu" since 2004 as compared to a shrinking or plateauing number for terms related to other major desktop Linux distributions such as "Fedora", "Debian" or "SUSE" over the same period.[115] In an August 2007 survey of 38,500 visitors on DesktopLinux.com, Ubuntu was the most popular distribution with 30.3% of respondents claiming to use it.[7] Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London,[116] has been favorably reviewed in online and print publications[117][118][119] and has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS.[120] Mark Shuttleworth indicated at least eight million people used Ubuntu by the end of 2006,[121] resulting in a large up-spring of non-Canonical websites. These websites include general help sites (Easy Ubuntu Linux[122]), dedicated weblogs (Ubuntu Gazette[123]), niche websites (Ubuntu Women[124]) and online publications (Full Circle[125]) as opposed to simply offering only .debs for Debian.[126][127][128] Ubuntu has received a few negative assessments. Ars Technica concluded in their review of Ubuntu 8.04 that while it was a clear improvement over Ubuntu 7.10, the failure to fix glaring issues detracted from the value of the release.[129] Specifically, Ars Technica felt that Transmission was too simple and lacked features, that Tracker was vastly inferior to Beagle which Tracker had replaced, and that the PulseAudio configuration that shipped is buggy.[129]